Attack On Jerry Mac OS
Suppose ‘A’ and ‘B’ are very good friends and ‘A’ shares all his secrets with ‘B’.
The BadBunny worm dropped Ruby script viruses on Mac OS X systems, and displayed an indecent JPEG image of a man wearing a rabbit costume. The first financial malware for Mac was discovered. The gang behind the attacks developed both Windows and Mac versions of their OSX/RSPlug-A Trojan horse. MAC address flooding attack (CAM table flooding attack) is a type of network attack where an attacker connected to a switch port floods the switch interface with very large number of Ethernet frames with different fake source MAC address. Following images shows a Switch's MAC address table before and after flooding attack. The Game version is exactly identical with itch.io without any difference and you can always get Attack on Toys here fully for Free. Feel free to make any Gameplay content for Attack on Toys (Gameplay video, YouTube, twitch, etc) and any feedback is highly appreciated!:) Minimum: OS: Windows 32-bit/Windows 64-bit; Processor: Intel Core 2 Duo. 2011/2012 – Flashback was disguised as a Flash player download and targets a Java vulnerability on Mac OS X. The system is infected after the user is redirected to a compromised bogus site, where JavaScript code causes an applet containing an exploit to load. GravityRAT is an infamous Trojan on Windows, which, among other things, has been used in attacks on the military. According to Kaspersky it is also on the Mac too. The GravityRAT Trojan can upload.
Now if a guy ‘C’ comes in and fakes as if he is ‘B’. Can you imagine what could happen? Yes, ‘A’ could tell all his secrets to ‘C’ and ‘C’ could misuse it.
In a layman’s language, this is what we mean by ARP cache poisoning.
ARP poisoning may cause many serious networking problems and network administrators should know how this attack works.
ARP Protocol
Before Jumping on to the description of ARP cache poising, lets first refresh how ARP protocol works. ARP protocol consists of the following 4 basic messages:
- ARP request : Computer ‘A’ asks on the network, “who has this IP?”
- ARP reply : All the other computers ignore the request except the computer which has the requested IP. This computer, lets say ‘B’ says, I have the requested IP address and here is my MAC address.
- RARP request: This is more or less same as ARP request, the difference being that in this message a MAC address is broad-casted on network.
- RARP reply : Same concept. Computer ‘B’ tells that the requested MAC is mine and here is my IP address.
All the devices that are connected to network have an ARP cache. This cache contains the mapping of all the MAC and IP address for the network devices this host has already communicated with.
ARP Cache Poisoning Concept
ARP protocol was designed to be simple and efficient but a major flaw in the protocol is lack of authentication. No authentication was added to its implementation and as a result, there is no way to authenticate the IP to MAC address mapping in the ARP reply. Further, the host does not even check whether it sent an ARP request for which it is receiving ARP reply message.
In a layman’s language, if computer ‘A’ has sent and ARP request and it gets an ARP reply, then ARP protocol by no means can check whether the information or the IP to MAC mapping in the ARP reply is correct or not. Also, even if a host did not send an ARP request and gets an ARP reply, then also it trusts the information in reply and updates its ARP cache. This is known as ARP cache poisoning.
So you can see that its easy to exploit this weakness of ARP protocol. An evil hacker can craft a valid ARP reply in which any IP is mapped to any MAC address of the hackers choice and can send this message to the complete network. All the devices on network will accept this message and will update their ARP table with new Information and this way the hacker can gain control of the to and fro communication from any host in network.
ARP Cache Poisoning Consequences
After a hacker sees a possibility of ARP cache poisoning, the attacker can use various attack techniques to harm or to gain control of the victims machine. Lets discuss some of them here :
1) Denial of service
A hacker can send an ARP reply mapping an IP address on network with a wrong or non-existent MAC address. For example, a fake ARP reply mapping the network’s router IP with a non-existent MAC will bring down the connectivity of the whole network with the outer world as now any packet sent to IP of router will be sent to a machine with a MAC address that does not exist.
2) Man in Middle
As the name suggest, the hacker can make his machine sit right in between of the communication between your system and any other system on network. This way the hacker can sniff all the traffic to and from from both the machines.
To achieve this suppose your machine is host ‘A’ and your network router is host ‘B’. ‘A’ has IP-A and MAC-A, while ‘B’ has IP-B and MAC-B as IP address and MAC address respectively. Now, the hacker sends an ARP reply to the router mapping your IP (IP-A) with his machine’s MAC address and another ARP reply to your machine mapping routers IP with his machine’s MAC address. Now any message sent by your machine to router or from router to your machine will reach the hacker’s machine. The hacker can now switch on the ‘IP forwarding’ feature on his machine which lets the hacker’s machine to forward all the traffic to and fro to your machine and router. This way the hacker’s machine sits right in the middle and can sniff or block the traffic.
3) MAC Flooding
For switches on network, MAC flooding is an ARP cache poising technique that is used. Many network switches when overloaded can start acting like a hub and start broadcasting all the network traffic to all the hosts connected to network. So a hacker can flood a switch with fake ARP replies and can make the switch to start behaving like a hub. In this role, the switch does not enable its ‘port security’ feature due to which it broadcast all the network traffic and taking advantage of this, the hacker can packet sniff the network.
ARP Cache Poisoning Mitigation Techniques
Poisoning ARP cache remotely is bit difficult as it requires either physical access to the network or control of one of the machines in the network. Since its not always easy so ARP attacks are not frequently heard. Anyways, taking precautions is better than taking medicines. Network administrators should take care that these type of attacks do not take place. Here are a few mitigation points :
- For small networks, static ARP entries can be maintained. Static means unchanging, so as the name suggests these entries cannot be changed and thus any tries by hackers to change the mapping fails. This is good for small networks but not for big networks as mapping for every new device added to network needs to be done manually.
- For a large network, the port security features of network switches can be explored. Some features when turned on force the switch to allow only one MAC address for each physical port on switch. This feature makes sure that machines cannot change their MAC address and cannot map more than one MAC to their machine hence preventing attacks like ‘man in middle’.
- In general, Some monitoring tool like ARPwatch can be deployed to get alerts when some malicious ARP activity takes place on your network.
To conclude, in this article, we studied the basics of ARP protocol, its loopholes, how these loopholes can be exploited and how they can be mitigated.
The next article in this series is: TCP Sequence Number Prediction and TCP Reset Attacks.
The subject that fan boys of each side love to argue about. Mac malware. The fact is that malware for Mac is real and it continues to grow as a problem. In 2012 Apple removed the statements “It doesn’t get PC viruses” and “A Mac isn’t susceptible to the thousands of viruses plaguing Windows-based computers.” I would like to shed light on the malware from beginning to now in hopes that it will bring an understanding of why security is needed on all operating systems, including your Mac.
1982 – The first threat that occurred was the Elk Cloner (this however did not actually affect the Mac) which would cause the Apple II to boot up with a poem:
Elk Cloner: The program with a personality
It will get on all your disks
It will infiltrate your chips
Yes, it’s Cloner!
It will stick to you like glue
It will modify RAM too
Send in the Cloner!
Attack On Jerry Mac Os X
1987-2003
There were a few different malware families that came out but being as they are using an operating system that is not really used I won’t go into great detail. In 1987 nVIR virus began to infect Macintosh computers. In 1988 HyperCard viruses started to gain traction. HyperCard was software created by Apple to execute scripts immediately on opening. MDef was discovered in 1990. MDef infected application and system files on the Mac. In 1995 Microsoft released a virus that would infect both PC and Mac users via Microsoft Word called Concept. In 1996 Laroux, the first Excel macro virus was found but didn’t actually do anything to Macs until Excel ’98 was released. In 1998 Both AutoStart 9805 and Sevendust were discovered.
2004-Present – This brings us into the modern operating system we all know and love OS X. Also the time frame where threats are created that can still affect systems in use today.
2004 – Renepo was found. It had the ability to disable a system firewall, and it would try to copy itself to /System/Library/StartupItems.
2004– Amphimix a program which is also a MP3 file. When launched it displays a dialog box which reads “Yep, this is an application. (So what is your iTunes playing now?)” It then loads itself into iTunes as an MP3 file called “Wild Laugh”, playing four seconds laughter.
2006 – Leap is widely considered to be the original Mac Trojan. Leap used iChat to spread itself; forwarding itself as a latestpics.tgz file to the contacts on the machine. Inside the Gzipped Tar File (.tgz) was an executable file masked as a JPEG. When executed, it infected all Cocoa applications.
2006 – Inqtana was the second worm for Mac OSX. The worm propagated through a vulnerability in unpatched OSX systems.
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2008 was a big year for Mac malware… Apple published an advisory to use antivirus software. They removed the statement from its website after being up for about two weeks.
2008 – BadBunny is a multi-platform worm written in several scripting languages and distributed as an OpenOffice document containing a macro. It spreads itself by dropping script files that affect the behavior of popular IRC (Internet Relay Chat) programs, causing it to send the worm to other users.
2008 – RSPlug is a Trojan that changed DNS to send users to malicious servers. It originally spread as a video codec that was downloaded from various porn websites.
2008 – AppleScript.THT tries to disable security software, steal user’s passwords, turn on file sharing, take screenshots of the desktop, and take a photo of the user via the built-in camera. The malware exploits a vulnerability with the Apple Remote Desktop Agent, which allows it to run as root.
2008 – MacSweeper, Mac’s first ‘rogue’ application (a fake antivirus misleading users by reporting infections that doesn’t exists). When the infected user tried to remove the “infections”, MacSweeper asked to provide credit card details and pay $39.99 for a “lifetime subscription serial key.”
I won’t lie, before I got into threat research, I ended up with this on my Mac…
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2008 – Hovdy tried to install itself to /Library/Caches. It disabled syslog/system updates, stole password hashes, open ports in the firewall, disabled security software, installed LogKext keylogger and started web server, VNC, and SSH. It also tried to get root access by way of ARDAgent vulnerability.
2009 – Iservice was discovered in a pirated version of iWork ’09. It copied itself to /usr/bin/iWorkServices and tried to execute a HTTP request. Updated variants were later found in a pirated versions of many high use programs.
August 28, 2009 – Apple released an anti-malware tool called XProtect,at release it could protect a Mac against only two threats (RSPlug and Iservice).
2010 – HEllRTS (aka HellRaiser) is a Trojan that allows control of a computer by a remote user. The remote user has the ability to transfer files, pop up chat messages, display pictures, and even restart or shut down the infected machine.
2010 – Boonana, a Trojan that spread via social media and email disguised as a video. It runs as a Java applet, which downloads its installer to the machine. After installed it starts running in the background and communicating with a variety of servers such as command and control servers.
2011 – MacDefender, another rogue like MacSweeper that installs itself into the /Application folder and wants you to pay them for the “infections” to be removed from your mac.
2011/2012 – Flashback was disguised as a Flash player download and targets a Java vulnerability on Mac OS X. The system is infected after the user is redirected to a compromised bogus site, where JavaScript code causes an applet containing an exploit to load. The Flashback malware was the largest attack to date, hitting more than 600,000 Mac computers.
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2013 – Lamadai, a backdoor Trojan, targeted NGOs (Non-Government Organizations) and exploited a Java vulnerability to drop further malware code.
2013 – Hackback spied on victims and was designed to take a list of certain file types, find all files matching those types, compress them into a zip located in /tmp/ and upload them to a remote server.
2014 – LaoShu went viral via spam emails posing as a notification from FedEx. It contacts a remote server sending system information, files, and screenshots. It is important to note that it is signed with a valid Apple developer ID certificate.
2014 – CoinThief is designed to steal Bitcoins from infected machines, and is disguised as legitimate apps. The source code was on Github for a while under an app named StealthBit.
It’s worth mentioning that these have been the main threats seen on the Mac and not all of them. There are many smaller variants and proof of concepts that are not listed. Also, that I didn’t include any adware variants such as Genieo or VSearch on here, but I did write about in my last blog. Even after seeing all of these there will still be those that refuse to believe that their mac is vulnerable to attack, but trust me it will only get worse from here. Apple is increasing their market share and with that comes an opportunity for malware writers to make more money.